strtolower
It has been mentioned in a previous comment that all you need to do to let PHP's strtoupper() do the conversion - instead of writing more or less complicated functions yourself - is to specify the locale in which you're doing the case conversion:
<?php setlocale(LC_CTYPE, "de_AT") ?>
It is important to note that setlocale() will silently fail if it can't find the specified locale on your system, so *always* check its return value. Try different spellings: using "de_AT" as an example, there are various combinations that may or may not work for you: "de", "de_AT.utf8", "de_AT.iso-8859-1", "de_AT.latin1", "de_AT@euro", etc).
If you can't find an appropriate locale setting, check your system configuration (locales are a system-wide setting, PHP gets them from the OS). On Windows, locales can be set from the Control Panel; on Linux it depends on your distribution. You can try "sudo dpkg-reconfigure locales" on Debian-based distros, or configure them manually. On Ubuntu Dapper, I had to copy entries over from /usr/share/i18n/SUPPORTED to /var/lib/locales/supported.d/local, then do the dpkg-reconfigure.
After you're done, restart the web server.
That said, there are special cases where you want to do the conversion manually. In German, for example, the letter 'ß' (szlig) only exists as a lower-case character, and so doesn't get converted by strtoupper. The convential way to express a 'ß' in an uppercase string is "SS". This function will take care of this exception (for Latin1 and most of Latin9, at least):
<?php
define("LATIN1_UC_CHARS", "ÀÁÂÃÄÅÆÇÈÉÊËÌÍÎÏÐÑÒÓÔÕÖØÙÚÛÜÝ");
define("LATIN1_LC_CHARS", "àáâãäåæçèéêëìíîïðñòóôõöøùúûüý");
function uc_latin1 ($str) {
$str = strtoupper(strtr($str, LATIN1_LC_CHARS, LATIN1_UC_CHARS));
return strtr($str, array("ß" => "SS"));
}
?>
strtoupper
(PHP 4, PHP 5)
strtoupper — Make a string uppercase
Description
string strtoupper
( string $string
)
Returns string with all alphabetic characters converted to uppercase.
Note that 'alphabetic' is determined by the current locale. For instance, in the default "C" locale characters such as umlaut-a (ä) will not be converted.
Parameters
- string
-
The input string.
Return Values
Returns the uppercased string.
Examples
Example #1 strtoupper() example
<?php
$str = "Mary Had A Little Lamb and She LOVED It So";
$str = strtoupper($str);
echo $str; // Prints MARY HAD A LITTLE LAMB AND SHE LOVED IT SO
?>
Notes
Note: This function is binary-safe.
add a note
User Contributed Notesstrtoupper
spaceman at foo dot at
17-Apr-2008 04:59
17-Apr-2008 04:59
jesdisciple at gmail dot com
09-Mar-2008 01:02
09-Mar-2008 01:02
This function takes a space-delimited list of words and returns it as one camelcase word.
<?php
function strtocamel($str){
$str = explode(' ', strtolower($str));
for($i = 1; $i < count($str); $i++){
$str[$i] = strtoupper(substr($str[$i], 0, 1)) . substr($str[$i], 1);
}
return implode('', $str);
}
?>
Example:
<?php
echo strtocamel('Str tO CAMEL');
?>
This will output 'strToCamel'. To also make the first letter uppercase, change '$i = 1' to '$i = 0'.
silent at gmx dot li
15-Oct-2007 12:25
15-Oct-2007 12:25
ISO-8859-1 (Latin 1) full with all special characters:
<?php
function fullUpper($str){
// convert to entities
$subject = htmlentities($str,ENT_QUOTES);
$pattern = '/&([a-z])(uml|acute|circ';
$pattern.= '|tilde|ring|elig|grave|slash|horn|cedil|th);/e';
$replace = "'&'.strtoupper('\\1').'\\2'.';'";
$result = preg_replace($pattern, $replace, $subject);
// convert from entities back to characters
$htmltable = get_html_translation_table(HTML_ENTITIES);
foreach($htmltable as $key => $value) {
$result = ereg_replace(addslashes($value),$key,$result);
}
return(strtoupper($result));
}
echo fullUpper("try this: äöüß");
?>
results in
TRY THIS: ÄÖÜß
Oliv.
11-Oct-2007 02:20
11-Oct-2007 02:20
accents convertion trick :
<?php
function ucfirstHTMLentity($matches){
return "&".ucfirst(strtolower($matches[1])).";";
}
function fullUpper($str){
$subject = strtoupper(htmlentities($str, null, 'UTF-8'));
$pattern = '/&([A-Z]+);/';
return preg_replace_callback($pattern, "ucfirstHTMLentity", $subject);
}
print fullUpper($_REQUEST["txt"]);
?>
xguimax at gmail dot com
05-Oct-2007 08:17
05-Oct-2007 08:17
Portuguese version of String Capitalize in PHP.
function strProper($str)
{
$noUp = array('um','uma','o','a','de','do','da','em');
$str = trim($str);
$str = strtoupper($str[0]) . strtolower(substr($str, 1));
for($i=1; $i<strlen($str)-1; ++$i) {
if($str[$i]==' ') {
for($j=$i+1; $j<strlen($str) && $str[$j]!=' '; ++$j); //find next space
$size = $j-$i-1;
$shortWord = false;
if($size<=3) {
$theWord = substr($str,$i+1,$size);
for($j=0; $j<count($noUp) && !$shortWord; ++$j)
if($theWord==$noUp[$j])
$shortWord = true;
}
if( !$shortWord )
$str = substr($str, 0, $i+1) . strtoupper($str[$i+1]) . substr($str, $i+2);
}
$i+=$size;
}
return $str;
}
marcinhacia at gazeta dot pl
31-Jul-2007 03:15
31-Jul-2007 03:15
In response to strtoupper:
There is a simpler way to change the first letter of a string to uppercase:
<?php
$string='this is a much more simpler way to capitalise the first character of a string';
echo ucfirst($string); // This is a much more...
?>
16-May-2007 08:40
<?php
$string='this is a simpler way to capitalise the first character of a string';
$string[0]=strtoupper($string[0]);
echo $string; // This is a simpler way...
?>
RUNET
18-Apr-2007 12:33
18-Apr-2007 12:33
Russian
function str_to_upper($str){
return strtr($str,
"abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz".
"\xE0\xE1\xE2\xE3\xE4\xE5".
"\xb8\xe6\xe7\xe8\xe9\xea".
"\xeb\xeC\xeD\xeE\xeF\xf0".
"\xf1\xf2\xf3\xf4\xf5\xf6".
"\xf7\xf8\xf9\xfA\xfB\xfC".
"\xfD\xfE\xfF",
"ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ".
"\xC0\xC1\xC2\xC3\xC4\xC5".
"\xA8\xC6\xC7\xC8\xC9\xCA".
"\xCB\xCC\xCD\xCE\xCF\xD0".
"\xD1\xD2\xD3\xD4\xD5\xD6".
"\xD7\xD8\xD9\xDA\xDB\xDC".
"\xDD\xDE\xDF");
}
Cory
24-Jul-2006 04:05
24-Jul-2006 04:05
This function converts any series of english words to Proper Casing. It also accounts for words such as 'a' and 'the'. To change what words are ignored, just change the $noUp array.
function strProper($str) {
$noUp = array('a','an','of','the','are','at','in');
$str = trim($str);
$str = strtoupper($str[0]) . strtolower(substr($str, 1));
for($i=1; $i<strlen($str)-1; ++$i) {
if($str[$i]==' ') {
for($j=$i+1; $j<strlen($str) && $str[$j]!=' '; ++$j); //find next space
$size = $j-$i-1;
$shortWord = false;
if($size<=3) {
$theWord = substr($str,$i+1,$size);
for($j=0; $j<count($noUp) && !$shortWord; ++$j)
if($theWord==$noUp[$j])
$shortWord = true;
}
if( !$shortWord )
$str = substr($str, 0, $i+1) . strtoupper($str[$i+1]) . substr($str, $i+2);
}
$i+=$size;
}
return $str;
}
sjrd at redaction-developpez dot com
03-Jun-2006 06:12
03-Jun-2006 06:12
Angus Lord's function has got a problem with html entities such as &, for they're converted into &Amp;, which is incorrect.
The following code fixes the problem:
<?php
function to_upper($string)
{
$new_string = "";
while (eregi("^([^&]*)(&)(.)([a-z0-9]{2,9};|&)(.*)", $string, $regs))
{
$entity = $regs[2].strtoupper($regs[3]).$regs[4];
if (html_entity_decode($entity) == $entity)
$new_string .= strtoupper($regs[1]).$regs[2].$regs[3].$regs[4];
else
$new_string .= strtoupper($regs[1]).$entity;
$string = $regs[5];
}
$new_string .= strtoupper($string);
return $new_string;
}
?>
bart at insane dot at
10-May-2006 11:31
10-May-2006 11:31
When using UTF-8 and need to convert to uppercase with
special characters like the german ä,ö,ü (didn't test for french,polish,russian but think it should work, too) try this:
function strtoupper_utf8($string){
$string=utf8_decode($string);
$string=strtoupper($string);
$string=utf8_encode($string);
return $string;
}
tree2054 at hotmail dot com
14-Feb-2006 06:11
14-Feb-2006 06:11
An even simpler version of h3's rewrite:
<?php
function isupper($i) { return (strtoupper($i) === $i);}
function islower($i) { return (strtolower($i) === $i);}
?>
Grkem PAACI(gorkempacaci[et]gmail.com)
06-Jan-2006 02:36
06-Jan-2006 02:36
These functions can be used on Turkish(iso-8859-9):
Turkce(iso-8859-9) icin su fonksiyonlar kullanilabilir:
$tr_low_letters = str_split("abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz");
$tr_up_letters = str_split("ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ");
function tr_uppercase($str) {
global $tr_low_letters, $tr_up_letters;
return str_replace($tr_low_letters, $tr_up_letters, $str);
}
function tr_lowercase($str) {
global $tr_low_letters, $tr_up_letters;
return str_replace($tr_up_letters, $tr_low_letters, $str);
}
function tr_fuppercase($str) {//only first letter uppercase
return tr_uppercase($str[0]) . tr_lowercase(substr($str,1));
}
Vadim from Baku
27-Nov-2005 09:55
27-Nov-2005 09:55
The following function counts uppercase letters in English and Cyrillic. It works great with cyrillic when strtolower doesn't work due to enviroment settings.(Thank you Sean!).
preg_match_all("@[A-Z-]@",$str,$m,PREG_OFFSET_CAPTURE)
It is probably displayed incorrectly due to page encoding, but there are range from the first uppercase letter of the latin alphabet to the last one and range from the first uppercase cyrillic alphabet letter to the last one in the pattern. Not sure but similar approach can work for other alphabets.
Beniamin
26-Nov-2005 02:04
26-Nov-2005 02:04
Here is correct str2upper function for polish programmers (plus str2lower function):
<?php
function str2upper($text){
return strtr($text,
"abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz".
"\xB1\xE6\xEA\xB3\xF1\xF3\xB6\xBC\xBF". // ISO 8859-2
"\xB9\x9C\x9F", // win 1250
"ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ".
"\xA1\xC6\xCA\xA3\xD1\xD3\xA6\xAC\xAF". // ISO 8859-2
"\xA5\x8C\x8F" // win 1250
);
}
function str2lower($text){
return strtr($text,
"ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ".
"\xA1\xC6\xCA\xA3\xD1\xD3\xA6\xAC\xAF". // ISO 8859-2
"\xA5\x8C\x8F", // win 1250
"abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz".
"\xB1\xE6\xEA\xB3\xF1\xF3\xB6\xBC\xBF". // ISO 8859-2
"\xB9\x9C\x9F" // win 1250
);
}
?>
julas
01-Aug-2005 10:46
01-Aug-2005 10:46
The code for Polish programmers was spolied a little bit - \xB3 should be turned into \xA3, not the opposite. So the correct code is:
function str2upper($text){
return strtr($text,
"abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz".
"\xB1\xE6\xEA\xA3\xF1\xF3\xB6\xBC\xBF". // ISO 8859-2
"\xB9\x9C\x9F", // win 1250
"ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ".
"\xA1\xC6\xCA\xB3\xD1\xD3\xA6\xAC\xAF". // ISO 8859-2
"\xA5\x8C\x8F" // win 1250
);
}
kirsman
07-Jul-2005 05:37
07-Jul-2005 05:37
For polish programmers:
function str2upper($text){
return strtr($text,
"abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz".
"\xB1\xE6\xEA\xA3\xF1\xF3\xB6\xBC\xBF". // ISO 8859-2
"\xB9\x9C\x9F", // win 1250
"ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ".
"\xA1\xC6\xCA\xB3\xD1\xD3\xA6\xAC\xAF". // ISO 8859-2
"\xA5\x8C\x8F" // win 1250
);
30-May-2005 01:11
// 2005/5/30 Justin
// Chinese_Traditional toupper
function CT_to_upper($string)
{
$isChineseStart = false;
$new_string = "";
$i = 0;
while($i < strlen($string))
{
if (ord(substr($string,$i,1)) <128)
{
if( $isChineseStart == false )
$new_string .= strtoupper(mb_substr($string,$i,1));
else
$new_string .= substr($string,$i,1);
}
else
{
if( $isChineseStart == false )
$isChineseStart = true;
else
$isChineseStart = false;
$new_string .= substr($string,$i,1);
}
$i++;
}
return $new_string;
}
//
Justin_Lin at mail2000 dot com dot tw
30-May-2005 01:09
30-May-2005 01:09
The following is my code for translate a given string to upper case and it will support chinese traditional :
// 2005/5/30 Justin
// Chinese_Traditional toupper
function CT_to_upper($string)
{
$isChineseStart = false;
$new_string = "";
$i = 0;
while($i < strlen($string))
{
if (ord(substr($string,$i,1)) <128)
{
if( $isChineseStart == false )
$new_string .= strtoupper(mb_substr($string,$i,1));
else
$new_string .= substr($string,$i,1);
}
else
{
if( $isChineseStart == false )
$isChineseStart = true;
else
$isChineseStart = false;
$new_string .= substr($string,$i,1);
}
$i++;
}
return $new_string;
}
//
willyann at gmail dot com
25-May-2005 04:31
25-May-2005 04:31
chinese
function to_upper($string) {
$new_string = "";
$i = 0;
while($i < strlen($string)) {
if (ord(substr($string,$i,1)) <128)
{
$new_string .= strtoupper(substr($string,$i,1));
$i++;
} else {
$new_string .= substr($string,$i,2);
$i=$i+2;
}
}
return $new_string;
}
13-Mar-2005 01:08
Ah, the last code were spoiled, here is the fixed one:
<?php
function str_to_upper($str){
return strtr($str,
"abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz".
"\x9C\x9A\xE0\xE1\xE2\xE3".
"\xE4\xE5\xE6\xE7\xE8\xE9".
"\xEA\xEB\xEC\xED\xEE\xEF".
"\xF0\xF1\xF2\xF3\xF4\xF5".
"\xF6\xF8\xF9\xFA\xFB\xFC".
"\xFD\xFE\xFF",
"ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ".
"\x8C\x8A\xC0\xC1\xC2\xC3\xC4".
"\xC5\xC6\xC7\xC8\xC9\xCA\xCB".
"\xCC\xCD\xCE\xCF\xD0\xD1\xD2".
"\xD3\xD4\xD5\xD6\xD8\xD9\xDA".
"\xDB\xDC\xDD\xDE\x9F");
}
?>
So, this function changes also other letters into uppercase, strtoupper() does only change: a-z to: A-Z.
30-Oct-2004 10:23
If you only need to extend the conversion by the characters of a certain language, it's possible to control this using an environment variable to change the locale:
setlocale(LC_CTYPE, "de_DE");
p dot thomas at inlive dot info
03-Apr-2004 12:02
03-Apr-2004 12:02
Some bench :
String Copy, OUT=IN : 21.398067474365 ms
String TRANSFORMATION :
- strtolower : 383.09001922607 ms
- strtolower( strtr) : 267.36092567444 ms
- preg_replace : 16624.928951263 ms
- stringUpDown : 4013.0908489227 ms
IN : jehrjzh r''_- &(r&) EAZREZREZ^m
OUT : jehrjzh r''_- &(r&) eazrezrez^m
Platform : AMD 1 Ghz, Win2K, EasyPHP
martine
07-Feb-2004 03:41
07-Feb-2004 03:41
This may save you time and effort (if you need to convert european languages such as Czech, Portugees, German or Swedish)
the function mb_strtoupper() converts all accented characters in the latin alphabet, ie. , , , etc. This is easier than some of the suggestions below. It should also convert case properly for russian, etc.
mec at stadeleck dot org
02-Dec-2002 02:54
02-Dec-2002 02:54
something I myself first not thought about:
if there are any html entities (named entities) in your string, strtoupper will turn all letters within this entities to upper case, too. So if you want to manipulate a string with strtoupper it should contain only unicode entities (if ever).
urudz at strategma dot bg
21-Apr-2002 04:49
21-Apr-2002 04:49
on linux
php gets LC_LOCAL env variable therefor you must set this
export LC_ALL=bg_BG.CP1251
export LANG=bg_BG.CP1251
before starting of apache i have put this to lines in /etc/rc.d/rc.httpd
-----
cat /etc/rc.d/rc.httpd
#!/bin/sh
#
# Start the Apache web server
#
export LC_ALL=bg_BG.CP1251
export LANG=bg_BG.CP1251
case "$1" in
'start')
/usr/sbin/apachectl startssl ;;
'stop')
/usr/sbin/apachectl stop ;;
'restart')
/usr/sbin/apachectl restart ;;
*)
echo "usage $0 start|stop|restart" ;;
esac
-------
in windows you must define your "locale"
in control panel > regional options > general
best regards urudz :>